Hnam Nunphung: Seminar hi ei Hlâwkpui Hlak am?

Dr. Lalṭhakim Hmar, Associate Professor, Dept. of English, Assam University, Silchar

Ei khawtlângah pâwl le group dang dang huoihawtin thupui chi hrang hrang, ṭha tak tak hai hmangin secular Seminar ei buotsai hlak a. Hun hmangtu (resource person) haiin khawvêl lien lema an ihmû/ an itiemhriet thu ṭha tak tak, researcher hai le mi dâwnrilhai thuziek hai hung hâwnin, ṭhahnemngaitakin Seminar naah thû an hung hril hlak a.

Ni khat chu ka ngaituo a: Seminar-a resource person hai thuhril ṭha tak tak ei ngaithlâk hlak hai hi ei hlâwkpui chie hlak am? Aw leh, “A ṭha ie!” tina ramah hin a’n zâm ral zo el hlak rawi am? A hlâwkpuitu chu um ngei ei t’a. Sût inlâ a hlawkpuitu hai percentage hi ṭhahnem a ti’m aw? Aw leh, Seminar nei sûng khawsûngah mithi an um naw leiin, an naw leh, ruo le thlipui a hrang naw leiin, an naw leh, chîmtu an tam leiin Seminar hlâwk le hlawtlingah ei puong el hlak am? ti hai. Hi Seminar chungchang ei tuihni ding hi, sakhuonaa (Bible or kohran pâwl le inkûngkai) mî ni lo, secular Seminar a nih.

Secular Seminar hi chi hniin hei ṭhe nawk sin inla: (1) mimal hlâwkpui ding tieng thupui, hieng, “Career Awareness/ Counselling”, “Hmar Ṭawng Hmang Indik”, “Hriselna Huong” le, (2) insûng/ khawtlâng hlâwkpui ding tieng thupui, hieng, “Savings”, “Intodelna”, “Thing le Ruo Hmang Thiem”, “Inthlâkdanglamna” le a dang dang hai. Hi ngaituona hi a chunga a chi hnina a'nthawka hung suok khi niin, enfie dinga ei riruong (hypothesis) chu, ei thu inhril hai hi ei hnam nunphung (culture) in a thlawp (support) sî naw chun puitling (implement) ngai naw nih, ti hi a nih.

Nunphung hmelput zie le a zâwmtu mipuihai a thunun thei dân le an chunga a khakhâwk hai tâwitêin thlîrna hei nei hmasa'ng ei tih.

Hnam nunphung/ hnam khawsak dân (culture) hin a zâwmtu hnam mipui hai nungchangah thilthawtheina le khakhawk a nei lien hle a. Ni tina mitin hai khawsak dân le an inrêlbâwl dân; an fak le dawn zawng dân le an lungril put dân ha’n an nunphung chu a zuia a belsa nghâl bawk a. Hmang raltu (consumer) ei ninaah khawm hin, ei ni tin mamaw lam dân (consumer behaviour) ah ei nunphung hi inrawlin a chung vekah chun khakhâwk a nei a nih (Shavitt and Cho). Entirna pathum hei siem inla: (1) nunphung dang chita inthawk, hmang raltu za ruol Shopping Mall ei hei lût a. Thil/thuom man inang seng seng ei thil/thuom baw zawng hai a’n ang nawh a. Chû umzie chu ei ditzawng hai a’n ang tâwl nawh, tîna a nih.

Ei khawsûng chitah hai, a khawsûng mipui hai nunphung izirin dawra ei thil/thuom zawr thei zawng hai khawm a’n ang naw a nih. (2) mi tu am a nih, nunphung danga mî, entirna’n vaipa hi bazaar a kai a. Thuomhnaw a en a, a man a’n dawn a. A dit dân izir le a sum nei dân izirin a lâkin a lak naw el a. Northeast tlângmi ṭhenkhat nâwk thung chu, bazaar ei hei kai a. Vai dawr neitupa le inlâichinna ṭhâ siem phêt tumin ei hei “dada/uncle/mani inhmêlhriettir” phawt a. An naw leh, ei hmêlhriet dâwrkai/ei ruolnu ruolpa dawr/ei kohranpa dawr/ei vêngbuknû dâwr/ei laibungpa dâwr, ei zawnga. Ei hmu leh, sei deuin ei insûng chanchinhai, a thuomhnaw zawr chu ei mamawzie thû hai inzâwtin inpumkhatna ṭhâ ei hei siem hmasa tê tê a.

Chuong po po khelah, “ka’n hmê ding?”, “nal naw an ti taluo ding?”, “a ṭhing an ti di'm?”, “a tulai tho?” ti zâwna hai namnghetna (confirmation) ei hei zawng nawk a. (3) sawmdawlna sum dâwl hai sien, dâwlna san chu vaipa thlawp zawng tak a ni bawk chun, “Mi ei lunginsietna chu a taka inlangtir a ṭûl a nih”, tiin a thei zât a pêk el ding laiin, eini rawi ṭhenkhat ruok chun a san leia pek chu nuom hlê inlakhawm ei Target pêk ding leh a’n dai thei ta ngang naw leiin, sum dâwlna san chu thlawp hle inlakhawm “Mi ngaisie pal an tih!” ti dâwnna leiin charity chu pe naw lem ei tih. Hi huna ei ngaituonaa hung inlang mihriem hai chu ei “collectives” sûnga ei member chanpuihai an nih. Khi vaipa khi midang nêka mâni inuksak; mâni insie hmasa (idiocentric) a n’a, eini rawi khi mâni nêka midang uksak; midang ngai pawimaw hmasa (allocentric) ei nih.

Nunphung hi a chi (type) izirnin a râ a dang el a. Ziektu tam takin thlîrna dang dang hmangin nunphung chi hni, “collectivism” le “individualism” thu hi an ziek a. Chuong lâia ziektu pakhat, Harry C. Triandis chun a lekhabu, Individualism & Collectivism-ah chipchier nawk zuolin a sui a. “Collectivism chu…. khawtlâng zierâng, nghet taka mi dang dang umkhâwm ruol niin, mitin chun an mani seng chu an pawl bunghrang (part) niin an inhmu senga. Chu pâwlin dân tlângpui a zam hai le thaw dinga a ti hai chun anni chu a sukthatho (motivate) hlak a.

Anni mimal thiltum nêkin an pawl thiltum an sie pawimaw a. Chun, an pawl member hai le an inzawmna chu an ngai pawimaw hlak. Individualism chu khawtlâng zierâng, nghet lo taka mi dang dang um khawm ruol niin, mitin chun an mani seng chu an pawl laka zalen angin an inhmu a. An mimal ditzawng, an mimal mamaw, an mimal chanvo le mi danghai le an inremna siemin anni chu a sukthatho hlak. Midang hai thiltum nêkin an mimal thiltum an ngai pawimaw a. Mi dang le inthlawp khawm a ṭhatna le ṭhat nawna hai fîm taka ngaituoa sui an uor” (2 & 3). Nunphung chu kaupeng pahni- “collectivist culture” le “individualistic culture” nei tiin a târlang a nih (9).

Singelis et al., haiin nunphung chi hni, “collectivism” le “individualism” hai hi a khang zâwng (horizontal) le a tung zâwnga (vertical) intâwl an ni thei tiin an suizau bawk a. A khang zâwnga nunphung intâwlpui hnam hai le, a tung zâwnga nunphung intâwlpui hnam hai khawtlâng hlutna (social values) hi a’n ang naw a nih.

Ei thupui ṭhangpuitu dingin Singelis et al. hai ngai dan pahni, hieng, "horizontal collectivist culture" le "vertical individualist culture" hai hi la suokin, hi ngai dân (concept) an hrilfiena, thu tluontling pahni/khat hei târlang bawk ei tih: “Horizontal collectivism includes perceiving the self as a part of the collective, but seeing all members of the collective as the same; thus equality is stressed. Vertical individualism includes the conception of an autonomous individual and acceptance of inequality.” (p, 240) tîhai hi ni sien.

"Horizontal collectivist culture" chu a khang zâwnga, a hu-ho a inthlawn phei hlak culture a nih a. Hi culture-ah hin mipui chu inang (equal) vawnga inen an ni leiin a culture chun intlukna (equality), thaw thlângna (cooperation), inringsan intuona/ inkêpna (interdependence) hai hi a uor a. Mimal a lo fe hla fâl thei deu an um khawmin “collectives” feeling hin a zêm hlak. Hi culture-ah hin khawtlâng in u le nauna/ khawtlâng lunginruolna, mi po po hmakhuo ngaituonain ngaihlut a hlaw a. Nina indawta rem (hierarchical structure) ni loin, inṭhangpui intuonain ngaihlut a hlaw.

Ei hnam nunphung enin le “horizontal collectivist culture” hrilfiena en hin, hi hi ei culture niin a’n lang. "Vertical individualist culture" ruok chu mimal tin, an hratna le theina ang chita a tunga intlawn tung culture a ni thung. Hi culture hi thil insang dan indawta (etirna’n, kum, nina, lalna, thuneina) inrem thlap thlap niin, thuneina (authority) inza dinga inhril uor a nih. Hi culture hin mimal level-a inelna, mimal hlawtlingna, khawtlânga insang dan indawt (hierarchy) thu hai a ngaihlu a. Mimal nunah khawtlânga nina (status) in hlutna a nei lien leiin, mitinin chu ngîrhmun insang chu chang an châk a. Chuleiin, nêka thilthawthei lem hai inzâna a lien. Hi culture-ah hin mimal tin chu an phâk insang thei dân ang taka a tunga fe vie vie chit an nih.

Mihai el a (compete), mâni intodel le mânia ngîr (independence) hai hi a zie (attribute) bîk an nih. Chuleiin, eini le hrilkhi ding chun, culture ṭhenkhat, hieng, Sap le Vai culture ei ti el hai hi "vertical individualist culture" niin a’n lang. Vai culture hin “vertical collectivist” zie khawm a neisa.

Thucha (infuina/inturma thucha) ṭha tak tak ei ngaithlak tam tah ang hu hin hmasawnna hi hmu ding a tam naw rieu el am? Ei thu hril hai hi ram dang/culture danga ṭo le râ an nih tlângpui ding a n’a. An hung suokna hnam nunphungin a thlawp (support) a, an ‘social values’ lâia inzêlsa reng thuhai dâm ni ding an nih.

Chuong thu hai ei khawtlânga ei hung thek hin, ei culture hin a lo thlawp vê si naw chun insûng le khawtlâng level-a hmasawnpui khawpa sukpuitling chu thil harsa tak a ni ding hrim a nih. Entirna’n, “Intodel” thupui hi “vertical collectivist culture” zie lâia langsâr pawl tak a ni leiin, chu hnam mihai lâia va hril hluom hluom ngai lo ding a nih. “Horizontal collectivist culture” ah ruok chun a ‘social values’ in a lo thlawp vieu naw thei a nih. Insûng le khawtlângah intodel thei lêk lo dinga thil a um zut zut chun, resource person hai thuhril “A ṭha ie!” ti chen kha a hlâwtlingna chu a ni el âwm a nih.

Chuong ang bawkin “Savings Pawimawna”, “Thing le Ruo Hmang Thiem” ti thuhai khawm ei culture in a lo thlawp a ṭûl a. Chuleiin, a thlâkna ding pil (culture) kha lo buotsai lawk a ni si naw chun, Seminar buotsai hi sum le hun le tha sengna el a ni ding am? tî khawm ngaituo um tak a nih. Amiruokchu, hnam nunphungin a lo la thlawp famkim chie naw khawmin Seminar thu ngaithlatuhaiah beiseina insangtak ruok chu a’n phûm thei. Chu beiseina chu ziektu Lee et al. haiin, “…it seems premature to assume that everyone in individualistic cultures is an individualist, whereas everyone in collectivistic cultures is a collectivist” an ti le, Triandis in, “There is a constant struggle between the collectivist and individualist elements within each human” (“Preface”) a ti hin a sukchieng.

References:

Lee, Wei-Na & Sejung Marina Cho. “The Role of Horizontal and Vertical Individualism and Collectivism in Online Consumers’ Responses Toward Persuasive Communication on the Web”. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. 11 (2006) 317–336.

Shavitt, Sharon and Hyewon Cho. “Culture and Consumer Behavior: The Role of Horizontal and Vertical Cultural Factors”. Current Opinion in Psychology. 8:149–154, 2016.

Singelis, Theodore M., Harry C. Triandis, Dharm P.S. Bhawuk & Michele J. Gelfand &. “Horizontal and Vertical Dimensions of Individualism and Collectivism: A Theoretical and Measurement Refinement”. Cross-Cultural Research. January 1995.

Triandis, Harry C. Individualism & Collectivism. Routledge, 1995.

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Ziektu chanchin

Dr. Lalthakim Hmar hi Assam University, Silchar-a English Department-ah Associate Professor sin thaw lai a nih a. Magazine/ Souvenir-ah hai article a ziek hlak a. Lekhabu pakhat publish in, lekhabu pali vela chief editor/ co-editor dam a lo ni ta hlak. Chu bakah, Journal-ah hai research paper le edited book-ah hai chapter publish pasari (7) lai a nei ta bawk:

Book authored:

Hmar, Lalthakim. Expressive Behaviours of Hmar Women. LAP, 2015. ISBN 978-3-659-71881-6.

Journal ah:

Hmar, Lalthakim. “Proverbs: Absolute Truth of ‘Humanity’?” Critical Space: A Peer Reviewed International Refereed Journal in Language, Literature and Culture, II, 55-60, 2013, ISSN 2319-3689.

Hmar, Lalthakim. “Women’s Speech Styles and Literary Features” Wizcraft Journal of Language and Literature: A Peer-Reviewed International Journal of Language & Literature, 2, 146-154, 2013, ISSN 2319-4952.

Hmar, Lalthakim. “Representation of Masculinity in Hmar Folktales” Shodh Sarita. 7, 55-58, 2020, ISSN 2348- 2397.

Hmar, Lalthakim. “Mythical Representation of Hmar Women” Shodh Sanchar Bulletin, 10, 233-235, 2020, ISSN 2229-3620.

Hmar, Lalthakim. “Review of Hmar Women’s Love Poetry” Shodh Sarita, 7, 88- 92, 2020, ISSN 2348- 2397.

Hmar, Lalthakim. “Hmar Patriarchal Ethos and Modern Hmar Women: A Feminist Reading” Shodh Sarita, 6, 172-176, 2019, ISSN 2348- 2397.

Hmar, Lalthakim. “Decolonising the Traditional Mindset: Issues and Challenges in the Hmar Patriarchal World” Shodh Sanchar Bulletin, 9, 263-266, 2019, ISSN 2229-3620.

Books edited:

Hmar, Lalthakim, et al. Women of Northeast India: Their Folklore and Folklife. Akhand Publishing House, Delhi, 2021. ISBN 978-93-90870-53-0.

Das et al. Symphony: An Anthology of Poetry across Cultures. FOUNDATION, 2016. ISBN 978-93-85386-20-6.

Hmar, Lalthakim, et al. Highland Musings. IndigeNE, 2016. ISBN 978-93- 85790-02-7.

Hmar, Lalthakim, et al. Sinlung Sermei. IndigeNE, 2016. ISBN 978-93-85790- 03-4.

Chapters in edited books:

Hmar, Lalthakim. “From Private to Public Sphere: Mediation of Ethnic Inheritance and Christian Values in the Lives of Hmar Women”. Macaulay’s Ghost: English Studies in a Postglobalized World. Eds. Dipendu Das & Joydeep Chakrabarty. Papyrus, 2018. ISBN 978-93-81287-99-6.

Hmar, Lalthakim. “Traditional Clothes of Hmars” Ed. Eli Doye. AAYU Publications, 2019. ISBN 978-93-85161-94-0.

Hmar, Lalthakim. "A Representation of Hmar Women in the Hmar Verbal Lore and Customary Law". Human Rights & Gender Justice. Ed. Abul Foyes Md Malik. Swagata Prakashan, 2019. ISBN 978-93-89694-03-1.

Hmar, Lalthakim. "Protection of Orphans: A Biblical View". Realizing Children's Rights: Protection and Participation. Eds. Abul Foyes Md Malik & Dipak Kumar Doley. SUNBEAM, 2021. ISBN 978-93-93092-15-1.

Hmar, Lalthakim. “The ‘Return’ of the ‘Mizo Jews’ to Israel: Ethnicity, A Social Construct”. Ethnicity, Identity and Cultural Diversity: Multiple Perspectives. Eds. Dipak Kumar Doley & Abul Foyes Md Malik. Akhand Publishing House, 2022. ISBN 978-93-90870-94-3.

Hmar, Lalthakim. "Ethnic Conflict and the Internally-Displaced Hmars: Representation of Trauma in Rolungmuon Inbuon's Poem, 'A Home We Are in Need'". Migration, Diaspora and Development: Critical Perspective. Eds. Dipak Kumar Doley & Abul Foyes Md Malik. Swagata Prakashan, 2022. ISBN 978-93- 93092-16-8.

Hmar, Lalthakim. "Role of Hmar Women's Association (HWA) in Disciplining and Protecting Hmar Women". Identification of Abusive Relationships and Prevention of Domestic Violence. Ed. Abul Foyes Md Malik. Akhand Publishing House, 2022. ISBN 978-93-90870-70-7.

Additional charges:

(1) Nodal Officer, National Commission for Scheduled Tribes, Assam University.

(2) Member, Assam University MIL Paper, Board of Undergraduate Studies (BUGS) in Persian, Boro, Urdu, Hmar, Mizo, Nepali languages.

Ṭobul, Volume II – Issue No. 02, Thlatun – Thlado 2024. An e-Journal of Hmar Literature Society Delhi.