Suongtuona ramah zuk lêng vak ei tih! Africa sim tieng thlierkâr pakhatah mingo nupahai nâu nei sunin lo pieng ni ang la; khawmuol i hriet hmâin i nû le pa’n lo thisan chein, vângneia siemin sakhi nupahaiin a puinu nene in lo châwm lien sien la che. I nina, mihriem i ni le i hnam nina hriltu ding che i nu-le-pa hlakin an thisan dai ta si che! Nang i piengken ang piengken nei mihriem khawsakpui ding le pawlnêla, i hnam nina hriltu ding che hlak an um si nawh! I hung puitling hnungin tû hnam am ni ah inngai i t'a? I hung puitling hnung chun nangma ang mihriem umna va paw fûkin anni lai va khawsa ve la; chutaka i va pawlnêl taka inthawk chun țawng le an hnam mizie, chîng dân hai inchûk fâwmin, anni hnam chu i hnam angah i va ngai hmasa phawt ring a um.! Sienkhawm, i vun le i ruolpa vun rawng an ang tlat naw chun i lungril a sukbuoi el thei! Khawvêl lien lem va paw peiin, nang i vun rawng ang nei le i piengken inhnaipui deu va paw fu ta la, i hnam nina a chun buoi nawk mei i tih! Thil hrethiem le mi pângngâi tak i ni leiin i lungril buoi châng tam hlak ngei a tih! Nang chu mi pângngai tak i ni leiin a hmakhuo ngaituoin i ta dinga political, cultural le economic thila hlawkna ding i hmu theina tak ding hnam nina (nationality) chu i thlang el ring a um!
Hi hin mimal tin hi hnama ei nina hi a umsa (given) ni lovin, inthlâkthleng thei/zing; a chang le phuokfawm (dynamic and sometimes constructed!) a ni thei a nih ti a sukchieng! (Hi chena hin ei suongtuona khawvêl zuk mâksan phawt ei tih!)
A chunga suontuona ram ei zuk hrûta inthawk khin nu-le-pa, pi-le-puhaia inthawka ei nina ni tina ei inchûk tung pei hi a lo hlu hle a nih ti an lang. Annia inthawka pi-le-puhai chanchin, tienâmi dang dang, ei thlâtuhai lo ințanna, fak le dawn an lo zawng dân hai, le a dang dang ei inchûk khan ei nina a mi'n hriet chiengtir a nih ti a chieng! Chu chu a pawimaw a nih! Kei chu ka vângneia, ka cousin-pa leh, (a châng leh kan sanghai ṭhangsain), kan pu (Rev. Chawnga Pudaite) kuomah tienâmi kan hni hlak a, “Pu Tienâmi mi pe rawh”, kan va ti hlak.
Ama, annawleh kan pi Daii, khan taima takin an mi hril hlak a; Lalruong, Sûra, Paruol-pasarihai, Subimtaitawt, le a dang dang. Kan ngai nuom thei khawpel! Ka nu, Mrs. Lalkhawl le ka pa, Rev. S. Ṭhakung Chonzik hai khawmin zâl pumin Bible-a tienâmi le Hmar tienâmi an mi hril hlak bawk. Hienghai khêlah Pherzawl Reader-a tienâmi hai ka tiem inhnik thei. Hieng Hmar tienâmihai hi ka nina bulțhut ka lungrila mi tû det pêktu an nih. Thlierkâra pienga, ranhai lâiâ seiliena, puitling hnunga mihriem lâia hung suok el ka ni naw lei khan ka bulțhut ka hriet a, Karbi, Garo, Khasi, Meitei, amanih Naga hnam pakhata mi ka ni nawzie ka chienga, ka nina ka'n hmai nawh! Tûlai chu kei meu khawmin pi le puhai chanchin ka hriet ve sun khawm ka nâunu ka hril ta meu nawh! Mi dang khawm ni tawl mei ei tih! Ie'm ei hmabâk ding maw....!!! Sienkhawm zieka sie a tam ta tho leiin nâupangin hieng zieka um, MIL subject-bû le a dang dang hâia inthawk hin hre ve tawl tho an tih tiah inhnêm el ei tih!
Pochury Naga Tribe (1990):
Kum 1990 khan Naga hnam (tribe) thar, ‘Pochury’ hnam (tribe) chu Nagaland sawrkârin Naga Tribe-hai laia pakhat dingin a lo pawm tah [vide Notification No. Home/SCTA/3/4/83 April 19, 1990]. Hi article tiemtuhai hi 1990 hmaa pieng ei tam lem ka ring.
Hi thil tlung hi a la sawt bêk naw a nih! Hi lei hin ei thupuiah, "Hnam piengna dingin tû hun hi an hnu nawh", ei zuk ti a nih! Ka political bêk chuong nawh!
‘Pochury’ ti hnam khaikhawmna hming hi P. Leshimo Nyusou-in a phuok niin April 3, 1957 khan Nagaland-a Phêk district sûnga khuo 35 âi-âwhai inhmukhawmin an hnam khaikhawmna hming dingin an pawm a nih [ M. Chukapha, Pochury Naga Polity and Society: Impact of British Colonization, Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, submitted to Nagaland University, Kohima Campus, 2021, p. 9]. Hi hnam thar hi hnam inkhâikhawm an ni a, chu hnam sûnga ṭawng tesep (dialect) inlârhai chu – Miluori (Meluri), Phorii (Phorisha), Yisi, Apoksha (Apoksah), Phongkhungri, Samburi [Sangtam] le Kuki an nih (Bracket sûnga hai hi an inko dân dang an nih). Hi hnam hi hnam det indo ni dinga insiem tung mêk an ni a; hnam inkeikhawm hlâwtling ni dinga ṭhang la tung mêk an nih. Hnam pumkhata siemtu ṭawng thuhmun (common language), chingdân thuhmun (common culture), hnam inṭhuoina dân thuhmun (common customs), hnam dân thuhmun hai (common customary laws) la pieng mêk zinglai an nih. [Hi article-a hin sâpṭawnga (English-a) ‘tribe’, ‘ethnic group’, ‘nation’ tî hai hi ‘hnam’ ti’n ei inbûk a nih]. Hieng hnam inkeikhawm lâia Kuki an țhang ve hin lungril a lâk khawp el!
India ram sûngah ‘Consolidated’ le ‘Marginal Nationalities’ an um:
India ram hi hnam dang dang inkeikhawma ram pakhata indin a nih tî chu ei hriet seng! Hieng hnam dang danghai hi mithiemhai chun, ‘Consolidated’ le ‘Marginal Nationalities’, tiin an ṭhe a. Consolidated nationalities hai chu ‘pan-Indian nationalism’ nei, India mi ninaa hmin ti el ei tih, hai an nih. Chuong India mi, India mi ninaa hminhai chun tienâmi, Mahabhrata, Ramayana, a dang dang, le nitin khawsak dân phûng (culture) tam tak an ințawma, tawnhriet/tienâmi (historical experiences) khawm tam tak an inṭawma. Hieng an thil inṭawmhai hin anni lai inunâuna a siema, hnam khat nina an rênga lungrilah a tû a nih. India ram (political map) sûnga um ve si, hnam tam tak India mi ninaa hmin theilo an um tlat. Hieng hnam hai hi Marginal Nationalities hai chu an nih.
Mithiemhai suinaah hieng mihai lungrilah hin India mi nina inṭawmpui theilo tam tak an nei leiin India mi nina-ah hin an hmin theinaw a nih. Chuong hnam ṭhenkhat hai chu Kashmir hnam iemani zât, Tamil hnam iemani zât le India hmarsak rama chêng hnam iemani zât lai an um. Hi lei hin hieng hnamhai laia mi tam tak lungrilah inlâkhran nuomna a lien a nih tiin an hril! Hi thubul hi Indian history-a inphûm tlat a nih. Hril chipchier ding chun hun le hmunin mi dai naw nih!
Hnam (nation) chungchânga ngaidân tam tak umlai pahni chau hang sui ei tih. A pakhatnaa dingin Ernest Renan ngaidân hang sui thuok ei tih. [Ernest Renan, Quest-ee qu’une nation?, translated by Ida Mae Snyder (Calmann-Levy: Paris, 1882) Ama chun hieng hin a tih – “A nation is a soul, a spiritual principle, which is constituted of two things – one is the possession in common of a rich legacy of remembrances and the other is the actual consent, the desire to live together, the will to continue to value the heritages which all hold in common”, Hmar ṭawngin hieng ang hin a kawk thei ka ring - 'hnam (nation) chu thlarâu (soul) a ni a, mi’n a lungriltaka a vawng tlat chu a nih (spiritual principle); chu chu thil pahnia inthawka insieng a nih – pakhatnaah pi-le-pu a'nthawka an tawnhriet tlâng (common legacy of remembrances) tam takhai inkhawl khawm nei le a dang, a pahninaah, an lungrila an pawm tlat (actual consent) um khawm nuomna, pi-le-puhai thurosie an inṭawmhai vawng hring tlat tumna hai an nih. Hitaka a ngai pawimaw chu hnamin an lo tawnhriethai, chuhai leia inpumkhat an nuomna annia hringzing kha a nih!' A hril peinaah hieng hin a hril, ‘to have common glories in the past, a common will in the present; to have accomplished great things together, to wish to do so again, that is the essential condition of being a nation. These are the necessary ingredients that each individual should share so as to integrate the members of the nation together’. Hmar ṭawngin hieng ang deu hi kawk a tih – ‘tiena tlânga châwimawi tlâka hnuhma lo nei tlâng tah, tû huna tu'm/nuomna thuhmun nei; thil ropui tak tak lo suolsuok tlâng tah, chuongang thil ropui chu suolsuok nawk nuom tlâng zing; hienghai hi hnam nina dinga thil pawimaw êm êm an nih. Hnam inpumkhatna ding chun hieng bawlhlohai hi mimal tinin an nei a pawimaw a nih. [Inlet dân fie tawk naw sienkhawm ei hriet thiem ei beisei!] Hienghai lei hin, ‘the existence of a nation is an everyday plebiscite’, a lo ti a nih.
Chu umzie chu hnam pakhat sûnga mimal tinin nitina an nina an thlang kha hnam ngîr zingna a nih ti hi Ernest Renan hril nuom a nih. Hmar hnam lai group pakhatin, ‘Hmar kan nih’ an ti zing lai group dangin, ‘Hmar kan ni nawh, hnam dang kan nih’ an ti chun van thiemnaw ngawt ngaina a um nawh! Chuong ang bawk chun, Chin/Kuki/Mizo/Zomi group lâia pakhatin, ‘hi group-a mi kan ni ve nawh’, an ti chun zuk sawisel el ngaina a um chuong nawh! Anni khan annina an thlang thei tlat a nih! Chu an thlangna san chu political, religious, cultural, economics reasons lei a ni thei! [English ei hmang rawn rêk ta ie…!!] Hi lei hin hnam bulpui ngîrhmuna ngirhai (Zo hnâthlak lâia a lien bîk deu hai!) hin hnam sûnga hnam chin lem hai (marginal tribes) an keikhawm thiem a pawimaw hle a nih! Lamgang (Lamkang), Chiru, Anal, Chothe (Purum), Aimol, etc. Kom-hai, Manipura, ‘ei unau’, ei tihai khawm ei huong sûnga ei laklût thei ta meu nawh! Chu ang bawk chun Biate, Hrangkhawl, Sakechep, Muolsuom (Molsom), Halam, etc.-hai khawm ei unau, ei laichin an ni nuom ta meu naw niin an lang! A chunga ‘Pochury tribe’ hung pieng thu ei ziek lang khi entirna ṭhatak ni thei a tih.
Pochury Naga tribe sûnga ei unau Kuki-hai hi a va hriltu umhai sien Pochury Naga tribe–ah an um nuom naw el thei! Politics tienga hamṭhatna an hnawt lei khawm a ni thei bawk! Nitina plebiscite neia ‘Hmar/Mizo/Kuki/Chin ka nih’ mi'n ti tir theitu chu pi-pe-pu a'nthawka ei lo hriet thuphung/tienâmia ei hriethai le tu hun khawma ei hnam zierâng, hnam lâm dâm, hnam puon dâm inṭawmtuhai ei ni lei le a danghai an nih. Ziektu R. S. Peters khawmin hnam nina chu a hnam neituhai lungrilah a um a ti kha tie! [National entity exists ‘mainly in the minds of those who believe that they belong to it’ [R.S. Peters, Social Principles and Demographic State, (London, 1959)].
‘Nation’ chungchânga ngaidân dang ei sui dinga ka ti chu Anthony D. Smith a ngaidân a nih.
Ama hin hnam (nation) insieng dân a sui nasa khawpela [Anthony D. Smith, National Identity, Penguin hi taka hin 'to have suffered together' tî belsa inla nuom um ka tih! Books, London, 1991]. Chu lâia a hril - Civic or Western Model le Eastern or Ethnic Model of nation ti hai hi ei hriet a pawimaw hmasain ka hriet. Hmarhaiin Hmar National Congress, Hmar National Union, etc. ei lo nei ve a, Mizo National Front a um a, Kuki National Assembly a um bawk! Hieng hnamhai hin ‘nation’ niin an insâl seng a nih. Ei chêngna ramhai – Myanmar, Bangladesh le India hai le Japan, China, Pakistan le a dang dang khawm nation an ni ve bawk si. A buoithlâk deu ei ti el thei. Hi țheṭhawpna ding hin hieng model pahni hai hi a remchâng. Western or Civic model-a chun India, Pakistan, Japan, USA hai hi ‘nation’ ah pawm an ni a. Eastern or Ethnic model-a chun Hmar, Kuki, Mizo, Karbi, Khasi hai kha nation an ni thei vawng! Eastern or Ethnic model-a hin piengzie-a inûnauna nei (kinship ties), lâihrui inzawm (common descend), chîng dân in-ang (common culture), ṭawng khawm inhnai tak takhai (linguistic affinity) an ni leia hnam khata insâlhai a kâwk a nih. [Naga-hai hnam inpumkhatna insiem dân hi chu a dang deu! Anni ang chi hi, “Inter-ethnic Integration or Homogenization” hnuoiah ‘metaethnolinguistic’ entity, ti ang chi hnuoia hnam inkeikhawm an nih! Chutaka chun hnam inhnai ni lêm lo, ṭawng khawm inhnai lêmlo, sienkhawm hnam khata inkhaikhawm tlat hai an nih! Chuong hai nêk chun Zo hnathlâk – Chin-Kuki-Mizo-Zo-Hmar inkhaikhawm chu a awlsam lemin a detindo lem ding a nih.]
Ethnic modela hnam khat ethnie (French) ni thei dinga pawimaw êm êma Anthony D. Smith-in a ngai hai chu -
1. Inkona hming pakhat nei (a collective proper name)
2. Ṭobul thuhmuna inngai theina thuphung inṭawm nei (a myth of common ancestry)
3. Pi-le-pu a'nthawka sûlhnu inṭawm (shared historical memories)
4. Hnam danghai neilo chîng dân inṭawm nei (one or more differentiating elements of common culture)
5. Ram bîk le inlaichinna nei (association with a specific ‘homeland’)
6. A hnam sûnga chênghai lâia a tam lemin inpumkhatna lungril nei (a sense of solidarity for significant sectors of the population).
Anthony D. Smith chun hieng a chunga mihai hi mi nawlpui haiin an nei rawn po leh hnam (ethnie) nina indiktak a hnai sau a nih a tih. [‘the more a given population possesses or shares these attributes (and the more of these attributes that it possesses or shares), the more closely does it approximates the ideal type of an ethnic community or ethnie].
Hi a chunga hnam ni dinga Anthony D. Smith-in a ngai pawimawhai hi ei hnam ngîrhmun enin a bat batin hang bî thuok thuok ei tih.
Pakhatna, Inkona hming pakhat nei (collective proper name) chungchanga hin Hmarhai chun ei inkona dingin ‘Hmar’ ti hi ei lo nei tah. Hi hi hnam khaikhawmtu hming dinga ei pawm tlâng ta chu a nih. Kei chu ‘Mizo’ ti hming chawia ei hotu hmasa haiin Mizo Union huong sûnga 1946-1948 tung vêla hma an lo lâk rak kha ṭha ka ti a, kha movement kha lo hlawsam naw sien chu ‘Mizo’ tia insâl hi pawi tina ka nei nawh, ei pawm tlâng a ni chun! A hnungah Hmar National Congress (1954, Hmar National Union (1958) hotuhai le, chu hnung deu, 1988 hnung tienga Hmar People’s Convention (HPC) hotuhai khan chu, “assimilation kan dit nawh”, ti an khêkpui rak rak el ani tah. ‘Mizo’ inti bîk haiin an mi ‘assimilate’ ei inlâu tah! Ethnic processes hai lâia Assimilation hi hnam insiem tung pei suitu hai chun hnam indin tung pei naah development hlawk (progressive development) niin an ngai. A ni hrima, hnam ei intêl lien deu deu chun hnam tesepa ei nina kha theinghil ei t'a, ei nina lien lema khan lungawi ei t'a, hnam lien ei ni el ding a nih! Tulai Manipur tienga ei thil tuok lei hin tû hun hi ei inkeikhawm nawkna dinga hun ṭha a nih!
Pahnina, Țobul thuhmuna inngai theina tienâmi/thuphung (a myth of common ancestry) ti a khawm hin ṭobul thuhmun, ‘Sinlung suok’, tia inngaina nghet tak ei neia. Hi khawm hi ei unâu, ZOHNATHLÂK hnam dang danghai leh ei inṭawm a nih. Tûlai hnai deu khan Pastor pakhatin Sinlung a hang hmusuok thu an thang raka, lekhabu khawm Lusei (Mizo) ṭawng le a hnungah Hmar ṭawngin insuo a ni nghe nghe. Hi hmun, Sinlung a hang hmu hi ei pi-le-puhai lo ințanna hmun a ni ka ring le ringnaw thu hril ka tum nawh. Sienkhawm, thil lâwmum chu ‘Sinlung suok/Chhinlung chhuak/Khûl chate’ hai ei inṭawm hmun nia ei ngai ei inlungruolna hmun ei ti thei ding hmun hmusuok a ni hi lawm a um. Sinlung hi Hmarhai chau ta a ni bîk nawh! Ngaituo zawm pei ei tih!
A pathumna, pi-le-pu a'nthawka sûlhnu/tawnhriet inṭawm (shared historical memories) thuah ei pi-le-puhai sûlhnung ei inṭawm hai lâia mî tam tak ei inhmang tah ring a um. Lalruong chanchin, Sûra chanchin, Paruol-pasarihai chanchin, Subimtaitawt, Mauruong, etc., ei unâu Zohnathlâk danghai le ei ințawmhai hi a hlu a nih! Ei inunâuzie sukchiengtu an nih! Zieka a lo um naw leia ei pi-le-puhai sûlhnung tam tak, ei inhmang tah ti khawm ei hrietlo a um nuol ring a um! Ei mihrâthai chanchin tam tak ei inhlut tawk naw leia ei theinghil zo tah a um nuol ring a um bawk! Kuki-Hmar indo (1958-60 bawr), Hmar People’s Convention (HPC) movement (1988-94 le a hnung pei) huna ei hnam hminga kal lo pênhai khawm ei theinghil pei chun hnam angin ngîr zing nawm ei tih. Hi lei hin Hmar Martyr’s Trophy ti ang dâm hi a va pawimaw de aw! Ngaihluta sukchangtlung pei ding chi a nih [Ei unâu hnai, zohnathlâkhai le ei inlâichinna sukse chuong lo dingin!]! Ei pi-le-puhai a'nthawka tienâmi ei rochunghai hi ei inhmang zinga, ei inhril hrât annawleh zieka ei sie ṭha pei naw chun ei inhmang sa pei ding a nih. Hi hma khawm khan Hmar Pasalṭha Cup inlâr takin a lo um hlak khawm kha tie…! Hieng hi ei inkeikhawm pha khawm Hmar hnam mi chawisangtu ni thei an tih.
A palina, Hnam danghai neilo, mâni hnam chau dinga chîng dân ințawm nei (one or more differentiating elements of common culture) chungchângah hnamdanghai neilo chîng dân inṭawm (culture) ei neihai hi hnama mi siemtu an ni leiin chawisânga sukvul tawl ding ei nih. Hmar bîkin ei hmê hlak hmepawk dâm, chang-al hmê dâm lê a dang dang, ei inchei dânhai, puon bîk ei nei dâm, puon zie ei nei mêk le ei phuok thar mêkhai khawm a ṭha taluo vawng (Ei insuikhawm phaa ei inṭawm puon ding khawm tie…!). British historian ropui, Eric Hobsbawmin, Invention of Tradition ti lekhabu a zieka chun hnam dang dangin an ta bîka an nei ‘tradition’ hai hi sui chieng chun an inṭanna a lo sawt bêk tawl naw bâkah, tam tak phuokfawma siem (invented) an nih ti a hmusuok thu a hril. Scottish pasalhaiin puonbi (skirt) ṭiel ṭak an bi hlak dâm hi an chîng ṭanna a la sawt bêk nawh a tih. Eini khawm ei hnam thilhai, phuokfawm khawm, Hmar/Mizo/Zo mi’n ni tirtuhai hi vawng ṭha zing thei inla Hmar/Mizo/Zo ei ni zing el ding a nih. Rêl, kawngvâr, kâwngphui, puonri ei lo nei hlak dâm, hnam dang le ei inangnawna thil bîk ei nei hai hi museum-a hai bêk sieṭha thei tawl inla nuom a um. Hienghai khawm hi ei unâu Zohnathlâkhai leh ei nei inang a tam khawpel! Unâu chu ei lo ni chieng a nih…!! Iem a la hung tlung pei ding!? Mizo/Lusei Hlasakthiemhaiin, ‘Chhulkhat kual kan ni’ ti dâm, Tulai hnaia, ‘Ki Khen thei thei i hi puoi’ ti le ‘I gam hi lou ham’ ti hla hai dâm hin a mi ve hne de aw..!!!
A pangana, Ram bîk lê inlâichinna nei (association with a specific ‘homeland’) thuah Sinlung, Shan tî hai hi chu ei pi-le-puhai lo khawsakna tiin ei lungrilah ta neitu anga inngaina ei nei el thei. Ram bîk chungthuah, ‘Hmar ram/Mizo ram/Zoram’ ti tak hi lungrila chau a la um niin an lang! Hi chu hril sei naw el ei tih!
A parukna, a hnam sûnga chênghai lâia iemanizat/a tam lemin inpumkhatna lungril nei (a sense of solidarity for significant sectors of the population) chungchânga hin Hmar/Mizo/Zo/Kuki/Chin hnam sûnga hnam chite-te hai lai țawng (dialect) le ching dân indang met lei hin ințhe peiin chin deu deu pal ei tih ti inlâu a um. Tûlai ei boruok hi mi keikhawmtu ni zawm pei sien nuom a um tak zet. Pahnam hnamin pawl ang rengin ei insiem tawl khawm hi a ṭha zing laiin nakie tieng mi sukdartu, mi ṭhehranna hmangruoah hung ṭhang pal a tih ti hi inlâu um deuin ka hriet hlak! Chu lai zing chun ei unâu ṭhenkhat an inlâkhrana, ṭhenkhat hnam dangah an mi'n pêmsan pei a hawi! Ei hmabâk ie'm!? Hi hi Zohnathlâkhai ei buoi ṭanna khawm a ni el thei! Tuhin chu hnam pakhat lo ni hlak kha hnam tam takin ei inṭhedar an' ta hi. Ințhedar sa ta lovin inkeikhawm lem tah inla nuom a um.
Ei hril nuom tak chu Zohnathlâk hnam dang danghai hin ei nina ei inhrietchiengna dinga mimal lungrila mi tû pêktu chu ei pi-le-puhaia inthawka thua ei inhrilsâwng le ei chîng hlak, ei phuok fawm khawm ni thei a tih!, hnam dân, hnam lâm, hnam rohluhai kha an nih. Chu chiengna a'nthawk chun inkeikhawmin hnam lo inṭhedar ta hai kha inkeikhawm nawkin hnam lien lemah insiem dingin an hnu nawh. Inkona ding hming chu hotuhaiin la hung phuok el an tih. Pochury hnam 1990 in a pieng thei chun eini rawi hnam inhnai te tehai tâ ding lem chun harsa taluo naw nih.